Youngs Modulus of Nylon Essay Example for Free

Youngs Modulus of Nylon EssayIntroductionThis investigation aims to find the treasure of Youngs Modulus for a specific material, in this case nylon fishing line.Youngs Modulus (E) is a measure of a materials stiffness, dictated by the formulaThe standard unit of measure for Youngs Modulus is the pascal (Pa). 1 pascal is the same measure as 1 Nm-2 (Nm being Newton Metre).A material always retains the same Youngs Modulus value regardless of how much it is stretched or strained, and this should be revealed in this investigation by fiting a definite value of the modulus for nylon. HypothesisThrough research that I conducted before starting the investigation, I have determined that the correct Youngs Modulus value of Nylon lies in the crop 1-7GPa (the large range being due to different make-ups of Nylon with it being a compound). I should in that respectfore be looking at achieving a final result within or very close to this range.Since stress is proportionate to strain in the Yo ungs Modulus formula, and the modulus value remains the same, I would expect the value of stress and strain to proportionally augment with each other.Experiment PlanIn order to carry out this investigation into the value of Youngs Modulus of nylon, I will conduct an investigate to gather the determine of stress and strain when increasing force is added to the material, and will take readings as weight increases until the breaking point of the nylon is reached.In order to calculate stress and strain, I will need to disk each of the following inconstants throughout the testForce applied to the material F (Newtons/N)Area of a cross-section of the material A (Metres-squared/m2) cowcatcher space of the material Lo (Metres/m)Amount of extension when the force is applied L (Metres/m)These variables will then allow the values of stress and strain to be calculated development the following formulasThis leads to a final Youngs Modulus calculation formula ofThe set-up I will be using to carry out this experiment consists of the nylon fishing line suspend from a stand using a clamp, and another clamp to ensure there is no movement in the stand itself. I will relieve oneself a suitable hand-build at the bottom of the hanging material so that weights can be added but will need to ensure this loop does not weaken any area of the material and cause a drop in the breaking point value, as this would compromise the reliability of my experiment and result in premature breakage of the length of nylon.At each stage of the experiment I will take readings of length using a standard 1m ruler, and will measure the area of a cross section by gathering the diameter value using a micrometer, halving this value to gather radius and then use the formulaBefore any weights are added, I will need to take a control measurement of the length and area of the nylon before any stress or strain is applied. Once this is done I will proceed to apply weight in intervals of 100g (0.981 N) and r ecord the values of each variable stated at bottom of the previous page after each 100g weight is added, with the exception of original length which is a constant value and only needs to be recorded at the beginning of the experiment. I will continue to add weights until the material reaches its elastic decide and snaps, at which point I will record the force applied to break the object. In order to achieve an adequate number of results from each experiment to make a fair analysis and conclusion to the investigation, I will need to take a minimum of eight readings (i.e the nylon should withstand at least 800g/7.849N). If this fails in the actual experiment then I will need to re-evaluate my plan and decide on a new method of conducting the experiment to live up to this criteria.To increase reliability, accuracy and to eliminate possible anomalous results, I will aim to repeat the entire experiment three times to gather mediocre readings. If all three of these experiments were to be perfect then the final Youngs Modulus value would be the same in each, so this willbe a legal test of how much my investigation has suffered from error when I examine the range in the three values.N.B In my actual practical experiments, I have trenchant to measure Engineering Stress, as opposed to True Stress. As Engineering Stress does not take into account cross-sectional area changes, this will hold on me from damaging the nylon with repeated micrometer readings, and hence my values for area will always remain the same.Technical List of Apparatus* Nylon Fishing Line* manual of arms Micrometer (accurate to 0.01mm with a range of 25mm)* Standard Wooden 1m Ruler (accurate to 1mm)* Clamp stand with clamp* Set of Weights with hanging hook (in 100g/0.981N intervals)* G-ClampVariablesIn this investigation the variable I intend to be changed is the amount of extension of the piece of nylon, required to calculate the value for strain.Other unintentional variables will also be turn in in the experiment, notably the cross-sectional area of the nylon wire, which will decrease as more strain is applied and the material stretched. By calculating engineering stress, the way out of this variable can be negated.SafetyWhilst the practical side of this investigation does not include any particularly dangerous apparatus or methods, there are still some safety considerations to be taken.Eye protection will have to be worn whilst the nylon has stress and strain applied to it, as the material will be taken to breaking point, which could result in the material whipping back very quickly at this point, posing an centerfield damage hazard. It is also worth noting that at this point a substantial amount of weight will be dropping so arms and feet should be kept back from below the experiment and all persons in the vicinity should be on their feet to allow them to move back quickly if required.Error declineThe practical side of this investigation is prone to errors through a number of factors. In order to attempt to reduce the number of errors that will affect the results of the investigation during the implementation of the practical, the following steps will be taken, in addition to the experiment being repeated three times as already mentioned supra* Micrometer should be checked before each use to make sure it lies on the zero value when fully closed.* Double-check all readings to be taken from the micrometer and ruler, and double-check the calculations for area on calculator.* Nylon should not be interfered with once set-up on the clamp, in order to reduce added stress or change through factors not related to the intentional weights being added.

The Passion of the Christ Essay Example for Free

The Passion of the the Nazarene EssayOn February 25th (Ash Wednesday) 2004, Mel Gibsons The Passion of the Christ blast was released. The germinate is based on rescuer arrest, trial, and execution according to the four Gospels. Most of the film is historically accurate, although there are some fabricated events too. The film became the highest grossing non-English language film of all time and it was named the most controversial film of all time. Critics claimed the film was historically inaccurate due to the way the film portrayed Pontius Pilate, along with the use of excessive violence, anti-Semitic content, and the use of additional material. One of the most important historical inaccuracies is the way the film portrays the Roman governor, Pontius Pilate. correspond to author B. A. Robinson, Pontius Pilate is consistently portrayed as a weak-willed governor, frightened of the power of the Jewish priests, and lacking in confidence. After viewing the film, one would feel that Pilate was basically morally neutral in the events of Jesus execution after stating Jesus is innocent of any crime but due to the pressure of the mob demanding execution, Pilate yields to it (Oxtoby Amore 172). fit to authors Oxtoby and Amore, the crime Jesus was being accused of perverting the people and claiming to be the king of the Jews (168). In reality, Pilate was harsh and vicious in his treatment of Jews and had thousands of them crucified (Robinson). Several critics were troubled by the films explicitly detailed violence and except criticized the film for focusing on the brutality of Jesus execution, instead of his religious teachings.A flake of the scenes which do not appear in the Bible but which seem to be fictional creations added to flesh show up the movie and extend the film to a feature length include the scene when Jesus is repeatedly beaten by the Temple guard after his arrest in the Garden of Gethsemane for no apparent reason, when Judas is emotionally distraught over his prior betrayal to Jesus and is tormented by Jewish children whose faces morph into demons, when the crucified thief who taunted Jesus has his eye pecked out by a crow, and the scene of Satan carrying a demonic baby during Jesus flogging (Robinson).Film critic Roger Ebert said in his review, The movie is 126 transactions long, and I would guess that at least 100 of those minutes, maybe more, are concerned specifically and graphically with the details of the torture and death of Jesus further stating that this was the most violent film he had ever seen (Sanburn). Film critic A. O. Scott stated in his review, The Passion of the Christ is so relentlessly focused on the savagery of Jesus final hours that this film seems to arise less from love than from wrath, and to succeed more in assaulting the spirit than in uplifting it. Before the film was even released, there were prominent criticisms of perceived anti-Semitic content in the movie. After representatives of the Anti-Defamation League attended a private screening of a pre-release interlingual rendition of The Passion of the Christ, they released a statement calling it one of the most troublesome texts, relative to anti-Semitic potential, that any of us had seen in twenty-five years. It must be emphasized that the main storyline presented Jesus as having been relentlessly pursued by an evil cabal of Jews, headed by the high priest Caiaphas, who finally blackmailed a weak-kneed Pilate into putting Jesus to death.This is precisely the storyline that fueled centuries of anti-Semitism within Christian societies (Robinson). A key event in the Bible that is abstracted in the film is the canonical line from Johns gospel in which Caiaphas argues that it is better for one man to die for the people so that the earth be saved had this line been included in the film, perhaps giving Caiaphas a measure of the inner conflict he gave to Pilate, it could have underscored the similarities between Caiaphas and Pilate and helped remove the issue of anti-Semitism (Robinson).Although Mel Gibson claimed to have based the film entirely from the Biblical Gospels, there are many elements that came from the book called The Dolorous Passion of Our Lord Jesus Christ by Anne Catherine Emmerich The book contained her visions of the sufferings of Christ and are criticized for revealing more information about the Life of Jesus Christ besides what is read of Him in the Bible (Facing the Challenge). This poses a problem because it sets up an otherwise authority alongside the Bible.Ultimately, despite the questions over the historical accuracy of some aspects of the film, it did remain broadly fast(prenominal) to the Bibles narrative and it was clear in portraying the central realities of the Christian faith. The United Methodist Church stated that many of its members, like other Christians, felt that the movie was a good way to evangelize non-believers. As a result, many congregations set up table s at the theaters to provide answers and prayers to viewers.

Not Much Just Chillin Essay Example for Free

Not Much Just Chillin EssayChange is known to be the most constant thing in the world. Hence, individuals argon ofttimes changing which leads to conflicting issues in life. muchover, every person gets into a grade where in a person needs to commute. Most of us experience change during our moments in middle school. Every person during this time of his or her life experiences changes. In addition to this, there atomic number 18 interests which argon discovered by these individuals. More so, the changes lead to the various kind personality schoolings. In the book written by Linda Perlstein titled Not Much Just Chillin she discussed the reality of middle school. finished with(predicate) her observation, research and writing, Perlstein is cap competent to provide a very vivid and realistic condition of the students in middle school. Hence, it is very evident that middle school children ar usually confronted with issue to their families, environment as well as the media which a re highly influential to the development of young people. The book written by Perlstein provided a vivid example of the types of individuals within the middle school setting.There are the typical individuals such as the popular group, the geeks, the minor ethnicities and the likes. More so, the people who are reading the book could easily relate to the various types of individuals being portrayed in the book. Definitely, the book is presenting a very important aspect of the teenage life. diametrical parts of the book present a very good perspective of the situation in middle school. Moreover, the writing of Perlstein focuses on the perspective of the youth during their development into adulthood.In the light of this, the book provides a very easy reading to different individuals. For the book is discussing about the youth and their development, the book somehow reaches to the young audiences who are interested in reading and understanding the stages of their development. The variet ies of stages that are being experienced by different groups in the middle school setting are discussed through a very descriptive style. On the other hand, parents must also read this book for it provides insights regarding the development of their children.Although it is known that parents have been in the same stage of youth, the changes and liberation of teenagers are still different in the current era. Also, professors and teachers must be able to comprehend the various types of students in school. More so, the book presents a descriptive perspective of the situation in the middle school setting however Perlstein does not provide any type of resolution regarding this matter. The readers are left(a) hanging of what they could do in order to have a safe environment for different students.In conclusion, the book is a good read for individuals who are interested in the psychological perspective of middle school age group. More so, there is nothing really shocking about the book pr ovided by Perlstein. Through the very clear deviate of media and the environment many youth are led to very complicated situations such as teenage pregnancy, do drugs addiction, and a changing perception with regards to responsibilities and adulthood. These problematic cases are stated to be caused by different entities provided in the earlier paragraphs. Therefore, all the entities become an important influence to the lives of each student.Definitely the book written by Perlstein is very informative however it also has the similar type of theme compared to other books available. Although this is the case, the book was able to reach to me as a reader. Through the experiences which I had in the past, I know have a better understanding of myself. Furthermore, I have a better understanding of the people surrounding me. Hence, I was able to create my own methods of addressing the issues of different personalities and perspectives. Due to the book written by Perlstein I was able to enjo y a book relating to various kinds of individuals.

East Asian Culture

East Asian CultureOrient is defined as study of East Asian refining, their tradition and its impact on the rest of the introduction.European found the word orient. The term was further developed in the form of orient and oxidant. Oriental countries are wholly East Asian countries like lacquer, Korea, China and an oxidant country means all Western countries.The word Orient describes in many ways, as utmost as Edward Said its a place of romance, exotic being, haunting memories and landscapes. In short we can say its a pagan study and its impact on the world through its politics and economy mainly.The orient is the neighbors of Europe and they are the oldest as well as richest colonies of the twentieth century. Orient helped Europe in formation its ideas, personality and polish in many ways. It is an integral part of the European material civilization and culture.Said mentioned in his book Orientalism expresses and represents that part paganly and eventide ideologically as a mode of discourse with supporting institutions, vocabulary, scholarships, imaginary, doctrine and even colonial bureaucracies and colonial styles.From Edward Saids point of view in that location was negligence in oriental personism by the world. The reason was high ended executive attitude of ninetieth and early twentieth century in European colonies.Japan was the sufferer of the indulge cultural conflict in early twentieth century The conflict was between the Japan and western countries. In the early twentieth century Japan and other oriental regions often carries assumptions that western countries are far more superior and eastern region that is oriental region is more superior for there ancient tradition. Therefore orientalsim is known for understanding eastern culture to west.The reasons behind the conflicts were, orient of Japan represents a unique culture field which is modernistic in any case and has traditional Japanese star also. In both(prenominal) respect for Japan I can say orientalism is the part of ethnocentrism. Orientalism is not an outdated way of knowledgeable colonism in Japan but also it is an integral part of the modern consciousness.Ethnocentrism is a particular group of culture which is somehow better than the other cultural groups. It is a view of there own understanding towards there own culture.Till late eighteenth century, people were seeing the interchange between the pedantic and imaginative type of orientalism, but after some more further detailed research Edward Said discovered the third type of orientalism which is called as faculty member orientalism. In this corporate institution analyzed and discussed orientalism in there own ways, therefore we can say that orientalism as a western style for dominating, recruiting and having sureness towards the orient.From Edward Saids point of view, orientalism is fueled by academic orientalism concept. E.g. In America, in late twentieth century, the term orientalism was changed t o East Asian studies but in Britain and some part of Europe it is still called as School of Oriental and African Studies or SOAS.The fact of Saids orientalism as not much to consider because, culture and nations whose location is in the east and there histories, customs have less reality and it is better than it could be said and assumed.For understanding the ideas, histories, culture and power of configuration, the orient was created, which is called as orientalized. These things scarcely believe that, things happen simply as a necessity of the imagination and the power of dominance between the orient and oxidant.Orientalism is not exactly called as a political subject or issue as it is passively reflected by culture, scholarships, institution and not the large diffuse collection of text almost the orient.It is rather than cultural, geographical awareness to the western world, this might help to western world to understand the orient properly and to correct the wrong assumption s made over the orient. It is a distribution of geopolitical awareness into the aesthetics, scholarly, economic, sociological and historic text. It is an elaboration of geographical location as well as scholarly discoveries and phi logical reconstruction.Americans ideological intellection about east has generally found that, American give more importance to China than other oriental countries like Japan. They think that, Chinese culture is more easily accessible and flexible than Japanese culture.American feels Chinese are more like them in more private nature, they are educated, reasonable and more practical as well as they are more frank. Even Chinese food is more adoptable and has some western persuade to it but Japanese eat raw fish and Miso soup which is not comfortable to western world.Japanese orientalism has much more cultural conflicts than other because, in late eighteenth century Japanese people feels that there culture is more mixed with western culture but western co untries feels that Japanese culture is not more easily accessible to them.Japanese social institutions signify that, Japanese culture has high level of sophistication, yet it also appeared highly feudalistic to modern world.Western image of Japan was not fully negative. There are many positive cultural and traditional things that western world thinks about Japan. Romantic culture really teaches the world there sophisticated culture, with its indigenous traditions are in close harmony.Some of the world famous things of cultural indorse are Bonsai trees, bamboo and wooden houses, female accessories from natural resources like bamboo stick hats, Zen Buddhism and meditation techniques, macrobiotic cooking and ceramic vessel art teaches the modern world about Japanese quality of living and the evidence of there culture that they are aesthetically more attuned than rest of the world.Image of the Japanese people in there private life is completely different. They are little bit fanatical , deceitful in nature. The great study of different cultures in the world through by Richard D. Lewis in his book known as When cultures collides which was published in 1982. This book is the best referral to many other people who do there line of products overseas. Richard wrote some specific observation of Japanese people in his book,Japanese children are encouraged to be completely dependent and keep a sense of interdependence throughout their lives.Everything must be placed in context in Japan.Japanese are constrained by their thought processes in a language very different from any other.They do not like meeting newcomers.They represent their group and can not therefore pronounce on any matters without consultation- cannot initiate an exchange of views.Westerners are individuals, but the Japanese represent a company which represents JapanThe Japanese go to incredible lengths to be polite.As far as I conclude on Richards comments on Japanese people, I feel Japanese people are ve ry private in nature and independent from childhood. They have very much proud feeling for there country and every time they mention there feelings. If they do some mistake then, they can go to any level of politeness.In World War II ethnocentrism exhibited, which carried some negative consequences in terms of cross cultural communications. Reaction of America on economic defeat created some negative impact on the Japanese people living in America. E.g. Congressman loaded Japanese radio in Capitol Hill and Chinese person was murdered as he was assumed as Japanese.So I can say that Orientalism taught many cultural things to world through there tradition and oriental objects.For my essay I chose Japanese six paneled screen as my oriental object. As this object is oriental, there are many cultural details hidden inside this object and through the detail analysis I go away show some points of oriental evidence hidden in the object.

Effects Of Improper Waste Management Environmental Sciences Essay

Effects Of Improper flagellate Management Environmental Sciences bear witnessThe issue of Waste Management has be an ongoing issue in Nigeria alone came into lime light in 1988 with the governing body of toxic go down on in the then Delta recite (Edo state). Nigeria as the most populous country in Africa has an estimated population size of about 160 million people, a growth calculate of 2.37% and generates an annual municipal elope figure of 25,000,000 tones. This policy sets to identify the probable sources of ware generation, their cause, and disposal methodology and in that locationafter recommend mitigation strategy for Waste Management by proffering probable solution to its worldagement by means ofIts Prevention,Its Reduction,Its Beneficial usage through the 3Rs of waste management andDevelopment of Statutory, legal and legislative regulations for the management of waste.Although there be Federal and State Ministry of Environment, Environmental surety t wake upric al performance (State and Federal), we still have problems about enforcement of the responsibilities for regulation and monitoring to ensure legal, statutory and social compliance.COUNTRY PROFILEThe Nigerian rescue is one that has experienced a number of environmental problems in its over fifty (50) years of being an independent nation. There apparently seem to be no end in sight except a few radical changes are make to its economical and environmental policies. The waste management system in operation in Nigeria leaves a lot to be desired.The countrys current environmental issues include but are not limited toOil pollution and gas flaring (which affect urine, aquatic lives, air, and sink to loss of arable husbandry),Waste pollution (which pillow slips air, land and water pollution),Rapid urbanization.A tint at nine (9) of the major cities in Nigeria gives a fairly good idea of the disaster the country is flavour at in terms of unchecked waste generation and management.The M ap below shows each of the nine (9) states with their generated annual municipal wasteOne would prognosticate that a country of such magnitude both in population size and economic importance depart have structures in place to adequately rubbish the menace posed by waste generation and management but this is not the case as the country doesnt have a angiotensin converting enzyme sanitary landfill for waste disposal. It disposes waste in open landfills and dumps.SOURCES OF WASTE GENERATIONThe environment is a continuously changing one and the quantity of waste generated enlarges with an increase in population, peoples attitudes and rapid urbanization. In providing a solution and putting in place a policy to manage waste in the Nigerian economy a clear understanding of what waste is and how it is generated is required.What is waste?The United Nations Statistics Division (UNSD) defines waste as materials that are not prime overlaps (that is products produced for the market) for wh ich the generator has no advance use in terms of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or drug addiction, and of which he/she wants to dispose.Waste is generated fromResidential waste household waste and kitchen wasteCommercial waste office waste e.g. papersInstitutional waste papersMunicipal waste sludge and general wasteProcess waste scraps coarse waste pesticidesConstruction waste wood, Concrete etcDrilling Oil spillage, gas flaring, coal, ashTypes of waste (Diagram)EFFECTS OF IMPROPER WASTE MANAGEMENTIt is a sound known f issue that our environment is poorly protected and not many Nigerians know the actual scope and the ramifications of this problem.What is Waste Management?Waste management is the act of collection, storage and disposal of waste to prevent pollution, degradation of the environment. This ranges from ordinary household, industrial wastes even generated by factories and nuclear power plants.Proliferation of vermin Dirt has been known to be the breed ing termss for vermin like rodents, mosquitoes and microbesWater pollution This occurs mainly when ground water is contaminated from oil spillage and washed off chemical substances that figure the ground. This has an adverse effect on marine life, drinking water and deforestation occurs because plants get contaminated water into their roots.Air pollution This occurs when waste is incinerated indiscriminately in public without the proper facilities being used and even dumped in the open. The incinerated waste especially plastic release toxins that could produce acid rain and the smoke could cause lung damage.Land pollution This occurs when waste is not deposited at proper disposal sites but is dumped in open landfills. This causes a blot on the landscape and a reduction in property price where such landfills are found.Public Health Issues The unregulated dumping of waste which gives room for microbes and insect to breed creates wellness issues such as malaria (mosquitoes), typhoid (contaminated home water source) etc.Reduction in Agricultural production waste especially oil spillage, gas flaring, chemical contaminants reduce the quality of the primer and this in turn is noticed in the reduction of agricultural produceMethane production which if not treated properly causes colour house effect and add to ozone depletion (unmanaged waste smells and generates the gas)Climate change leads to an increase in the intensity and frequency of weather extremes, such as heat waves, floods, droughts and tropical cyclones. The people hardest hit by climate change and environmental degradation are those living in the most vulnerable areas such as coastal communities and Delta Regions in Nigeria. This climate change and the effects it generates lead to property damage, business interruption, forest fires and health risks.Flooding This occurs when waste is disposed in drainages by man or by natural occurrence (washed by rain).This could causes flooding when rain falls.Erosio n The presence of chemical and toxic waste in the soil reduces its compatibility and causes soil wash off when rain falls.PROBLEMSThe problem of inadequate waste disposal and management practice in Nigeria is based on a few controllable factors that are highlighted asEnlightenment Nigerias citizens lack the general ken of worlds best practices for waste disposal, management and the possible effects of non-compliance on their health.Meager funding The cash in hand allocated to each state for waste management is inadequate to battle the issues of environmental waste. States like Lagos have only 5-7% of the states allocation to battle waste management.Obsolete technology and inadequate equipment The people who have been given the job of waste disposal and management do not have the equipments and technology to do the job.Inexperience of round The staff who have been allocated to manage waste disposal and management do not have the adept knowhow to go about doing the job.Incomplet e policy to combat improper waste disposal The policies on ground have not been improved to meet the changing population size, urbanization and worlds best practice.Sanitary Landfills Nigeria as a country doesnt have a single sanitary landfill to its name. It uses open landfills and dumpsites for its waste disposal which is not hygienic and environmentally friendly.Traffic This situation is more than prominent in urban cities where the distance between the point of collection of waste and the disposal point could take a whole day to privacy because of traffic congestionLegislature implementation Nigeria has the uniqueness of making laws without having the legal presence to implement them and has cascaded to the waste management sector.Government Legislation In situations where there are environmental laws in place, the fines attributed to breaking the laws are not a fair representation of the offence committed.eg Environmental Sanitation Edict NO12.1985 stipulated a fine of two (2 00 ) naira or two( 2) months in prison for going out on sanitation days.GOVERNMENTS EFFORT SO FARIt is accepted that the Nigerian giving medication has put in place several environmental bodies to curb the increasing environmental issues caused by waste generation.Such bodies includeFederal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) was established on 30th December, 1988 by the Federal Government to secure a quality environment for Nigerians.National Environmental Standards and Regulation Enforcement Agency (NESREA) was established in 1999 to enforce environmental laws. It was established as a subset of FEPA.Each state in Nigeria has its own Environmental Protection Agency e.g.Lagos State Environmental Protection Agency (LASEPA)State Ministry of EnvironmentNational Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA)ADVISED SOLUTIONS (RECOMMENDATIONS)GOVERNMENT TECHNICAL SOLUTION.The technical solutions recommended for administration approval arePrevention of wasteThis technique will incl ude practices like increasing the shelf life of a product (increasing product warranty) by citizens in their everyday life.Waste Generation Reduction.The key to achieving waste generation reduction is for the government to create awareness. Educate people on the effects of waste generation on the economy, the environment and themselves and to advise them on waste generation reduction techniques of shopping. This technique says that pile should only purchase what they need (necessities and essentials)People should purchase reusable products and goodsPeople should buy products with little packagingPeople should buy recyclable productsCompostingThe government should set up waste compositing sites at strategical parts of the country. Compositing involves the use of anaerobic bacteria at high temperature and in the presence of Oxygen to digest and breakdown biodegradable waste into different components that are harmless to the environment and the end product can be used as fertilizers b y farmers.RecycleThe Nigerian government has no recycling surgical incision or unit in its environmental post and also has no recycling plant. The key to recycling is in educating people on the different classes of waste and the different means of disposal and separation. The process of recycling involves the reprocessing of waste to produce a different or new product. This process should involved both the government and the peopleIncinerationWith the reduction of the water content in generated waste, incineration can be carried out in an enclosed space under certain conditions to generate heat and energy that can be used to generate electricity. The government should look at this option as another means for energy generation as with the population size in the country the waste generated will be put to better use. This can only be achieved if citizens develop the practice of classifying waste into general waste, recyclable waste and reusable waste.Sanitary landfillNigeria as a coun try doesnt have a single sanitary landfill. A sanitary landfill is unremarkably used for the final waste that cannot be reused, recycled or composited. The ground is dug and seamed to prevent the contamination of ground water and the waste is packed and lined then covered with dirt to reduce its smell and to stop animals from digging it up. The sanitary landfill site should be located far from residential areas. The government should look at building a few sanitary landfills in key areas in the countryGOVERNMENT GENERAL SOLUTIONSet up awareness campaign to educate people on the worlds waste disposal and management best practicesProvide technical knowhow and training programmers to environmental waste management agency employeesCompanies and the type of waste they generate should be registered with the government so as to enable the government put facilities on ground to dispose and manage the waste. disparate types of waste should have different disposable sites.The disposal and ma nagement responsibility of waste should be cascaded down.The government should get private investors who will assist them in managing the generated wasteEncourage the generation of a professional body for waste disposal and managementEnsure that there is accountability for any waste disposal issue that might arise in the country.Ensure waste policys are implementedEnsure that physical, informative and financial facilities are put on ground to adequately combat environmental waste disposal and management.Creation of an adequate legal frame work to try offenders of waste management laws will go a long way in.Finance research into waste reduction and waste utilization techniqueECONOMIC BENEFITS OF RECOMMENDATIONSMethane The methane generated from fermentation if managed properly can be used as cooking fuel.This the government can add as another source of cooking fuel instead of kerosene and firewoodRe cyclingStops floodingIncineration Heat and Energy generated through this process will be used in electricity generation which in turn reduces our corporate trust on hydrolic electricity generationCompositing This is a source of fertilizer to farmers that is environmental friendlyAgriculture The improvement in soil quality will lead to a corresponding increase in agricultural produce which if exported is a source of foreign currency.Reduces erosion The increase in comportment of the soil will reduces the probability of erosion occurring with rainfallGood ground water and aquatic life survival This will provide clean water for human consumption and plant growthHealthy populace With the advent of a sustainable environment the countrys population will be healthy and free of waste and water borne diseases.

Portrayal Of Women In Hip Hop Songs English Literature Essay

Portrayal Of Wo men In Hip Hop Songs English Literature EssayDisrespecting and Violent Attitude toward Women. It has been around three decades since hep joint hop emerged on the American cultural scene. The music genres which are groundworkociated with hip hop cultural phenomenon, especially gangsta rap and R B are believed to define passage youth culture. These two hip hop music subgenres seem to be more influential than the other as there is more emphasis border on lyrical content than the music itself. The abundance of explicit words and messages in the shouts makes them overly controversial. Before listening to gangsta rap songs, one must be watchful most of all to hear extremely explicit language. The great number of derogatory footing embedded in the song lyrics is especially disturbing as they are greatly addressed to women women of colour in particular. or so of the cases involve name calling and violent attitude directed more handlely at women in general than a particular person. Women in those songs are mostly placed in a fireual context and called e.g., holler out, whore, hoochie, trollop. Promoting violent stimulate written report was well documented in the Kubrin and Weizers research on the sample of 403 Amercian hip hop songs produced throughout the 1992-2000 besides also noted in other articles/books etcetera on the songs from the period 1987 1993.1The scholars have name that the primary(prenominal) purpose of such songs is to justify violence against women and make it a legitimate tool of social control.2In such a view hip hop music promotes a set of gendered norms and en soldierss sanctions for those who do not abide those set up rules. Eminems song killing You,3for example, describes women as vile, venomous, volatile bitches. Many other ordinary rappers, like Redman, Outcast, degrade women to being a chickenhead coined by association with giving oral sex. Whilst such terms are comm and perceived as pejorative, there are instances they may sound somewhat positive. One of the most successful rappers, Ludacris, in his summate song Pimpin All Over the World raps I used to think that it was route too glacial, til I went to Canada and saw some beautiful hoes4And according to Ja Rule any thug compulsions a down ass bitch5, i.e. a girl who is tough, and demonstrates her solidarity with her man and the gang they belong to. While these terms may not carry derogatory connotations in these songs, women are still positioned here deep down the cozy perspective. Interesting to notice is a fact that take awayensive terms aimed towards men are usually words with feminine connotation (bitch, pussy) Im slick and slippery/ On a high-speed chase all the way to the victory. / Yall niggaz is stone cold mysteries. / Too weak, cant stand in the ring with me. / Put a pussy back in his place, straightlaced.6It also seems like to humiliate women goes hand in hand with raiseting respect from the other men. Men ar e referred to be pimps who can get a banding of hoes. () Legalize pimpin for all the pleyas, puttin fine ass bitches in the streets and the hood.7While in most of the songs degrading women motif would appear randomly throughout the song, there are also cases in which that would be the main(prenominal) theme. The best example is Too $horts Aint No liaison Like Pimpin Aint nothing like a stupefy turnkeying bitch / You nasty, once a month bleeding, mother dealing, nasty ass, mother fucking bitch / I hate your mother fucking ass. To justify their attitude towards women, galore(postnominal) rappers give many reasons for doing so, such as women being too shallow We couldnt get no play from the ladies. / With s level off niggas in a Nav Navigator is you crazy?/ So we all said fuck you bitch and kept rolling.8Some time verbal disrespecting turns into violent threatening. According to Kubrin and Weizer aggression towards women appeared in almost 18 per centum of the hip hop songs anal yzed by them.9 radical hostility towards women represent the songs of Eminems where he attacks his relatives, especially his mother and ex wife in Under the Influence all bitches is hoes, even my stinkin ass mom.10He even threatens to kill them Bitch Ima kill you / You dont wanna fuck with me. / Girls guide you aint nuttin but a slut to me. He also seems to be perfectly aware of the fact his lyrics power controversy. In the same song he admits to that Oh, now hes raping his own mother/abusing a whore, snorting coke/ and we gave him the Rolling Stone cover? (Eminem, Kill you)11 arrange covers a broad spectrum in hip hop. Not solely is it perceived as a legitimate tool of manipulation between men but also facilitates as an answer for disobedience of women. Such insubordination is interpreted in many ways. According to the rapper Dr. Dre snobby-ass bitches get slapped out of spite.12Another popular performer Mase warns his potential sex victims to get tested on sexually transmit ted diseases beforehand or else If she make my nuts itch, I kill that slut bitch.13Eminem seems to have issues with women in general and promotes violence as the only communication means between men and women. Usurping and assuming power on women in hip hop songs are often represented by descriptions of rough sex Hit you with the dick, make your kidneys shift/ Im guaranteed to fuck her till her nose bleed.14Kubrin and Weizer noted cardinal recurring instances of violence in the American gangsta rap songs. Rappers pride themselves on sex acts that are harmful to women. They justify other acts of violence and threaten women who label to defy male supremacy. They also seem to encourage other men to resort to violence acts whenever they find it suitable. Violence seems to be the most appropriate reception to women who abuse such gendered protocol, i.e. dont eff their place.Women as Sexual ObjectsThe notion of sexual objectification means that a person is perceived through the prism of physical attraction with disregard to the persons intellectual abilities.15Kubrin and Weizer, in their paper on the misogyny in rap music stated that sexual objectification of women was noted in 67 percent of the songs analyzed.16The main conclusion drawn from these lyrics is that women are only good to satisfy mens sexual pleasures. The title of one of the N.W.A songs, Findum, Fuckum, and Flee. may serve as creed of the street code, according to which mens goal would be chase of pleasure and sexual exploitation of women.17Puff Daddys intentions are brazenly blatant in Call me Sean if you suck, call me kaput(p) when I nut. / Thats the end of us, get your friend to fuck18. While his fellow rapper, Too $hort, honestly admits the only thing he would try to get from women is sex without strings attached I aint Romeo, Prince Charming, or a knight in shining armor./ Im only out to fuck a bitch, fuck tryin to charm her. I treat a fine ass bitch like dirt./ No money in her purse, a fu ck is all its worth./ Cause Short Dawgll never cater to you hoes./ And if you aint fuckin, I say later to you hoes.19A pretty disturbing fact surfaced in this Xzibits song. Judging by the lyrics, women are considered to be mens property You got titties and ass./ that I got a dick and some cash./You aint talkin bout shit./ Then Ima smash, bitch./ On three, on me, bitch, you my property.20This brings back to life one of the atrocities of slavery, when lightlessness women were often forced to move on exploitive sexual relations with their slave masters in exchange for better treatment, food, or s point to satisfy the oppressors urge.21It seems that even though the American purchase order has come a long way from the times of slavery, black women are nowhere near to being treated as free, independent individuals. As the American culture critic bell hooks points in her book Aint I a Woman Black Women and Feminism, that black women in America have been suppress from the seventeenth century till today by white men, black men as well as white women. She argues that women of colour have been omitted by the white feminist movement as well as the civil rights movement. The author perceives feminist movement as being a white meat and upper class struggle which showed no interest in issues of women of colour. Black women found themselves trapped into confines both gender and race. Thus, they have never been change state from the institutionalized sexism patriarchy, and racism. Additionally, in bell hooks opinion the Black Power movement was both patriarchal, misogynistic. As much as it aimed to overcome racial divisions it also sought to reinforce the sexist ones.22Black male attitude towards their female counterparts presented in number of hip hop songs manifests their pursuit to hold on women subordinate. Nowadays many rappers often express how they would put women in the right spot, as Too $hort Hoes be nothin but slaves for me, / ready to go to their graves f or me. (Too $hort, Pimp Me)23, or Xzibit () Im intemperately on my hoes thats how it goes./ Bitch, get up off your toes, and get my six-four Chevrolet (Xibit, Pussy Pop).24Daniel Patrick Moynihan, an American politician and sociologist, in his report The Negro Family The Case for National Action, also know as Moynihan Report, released in 1965 analyzed the data from the U.S. department of labor and drew a conclusion that black women had significant advantages over the black men to be employed thus they could provide for the family more effectively. He also suggested that the traditional African American household is ruled by the matriarchal and emasculating women, an archetypical Mammy, which would imply that black men were symbolically castrated by their female counterparts. In order to stop degradation of the Negro family, black men need to look to the ways to restore their manhood.25The lyrics of contemporary hip hop songs suggest that by degrading women, rappers may seek to re gain their manhood. They suggest that the only desirable pick up of a black woman is the promiscuous and oversexed one as in Redmans I turn an independent woman back into a hoochie.26infamous B.I.G. humiliates educated girls I like em educated, so I can bust off on their glasses.27These stereotypical images have their roots in the times of slavery in America. Southern white males would consider black men and especially women as possessed by their hypersexuality. The reason for such supposition force be cultural differences between Western Europe and Africa of the time. European travelers who visited Africa were often stunned to see semi nude native black women and commonly original polygamy. Nakedness in that time was perceived as a manifestation of indecency. The travelers embraced such a shocking experience by assuming that all black women are promiscuous by nature. They contrast between the clothed Victorian ladies and naked native African women may have prompted assumptions t hat white women, on the turnaround to black women, are civilized and sexually pure. Hence the symbol of black women reinforced by such depiction was Jezebel.28It seems that African American women could not carry from the image of an instinctively promiscuous Jezebel assigned to them back in the slavery era. Stereotypes that were set at that time still affect black women nowadays. What is more, the stereotype of a seductive and lewd black woman has been perpetuated by their male counterparts. As the Jezebel image applied to black slave women might have been a way to justify maltreatment they were given, such reasoning applies also today.29Another justification for disrespecting women may be a fierce peer pressure on materialisation men in ghettos. Male promiscuity is highly valued there.30Casual sex with no committedness gets a man proud patch of a player, proves of his masculinity and helps to get respect from the others I had niggas making bets like, did he fuck her yet?/ Ask h er did he touch her bra, when I say nah they say ahh / So tomorrow I use that pressure to undress her.31The Kubrins research shows that bragging about sexual achievements was present in 58 percent of the songs.32Most of it implied how unaffixed for a player is to talk a girl into having sex You see I order one bottle, then I fuck with one mannikin/ Then I order more bottles, now I/ got more models/ Im from that city where them niggaz dont play mayn/ I take a chick to my/ room like caveman/ So ask your girlfriend my name ().33Women are also treated as a symbol of achievement. Having a lot of casual sex proves that you are either a player or have a lot of money. As these seem to be the only means of getting a girl into sexual intercourse in the ghetto Say dog, what kinda nigga be on top of the world?/Million dollar status got me on top of ya girl.34Ability to sexually please a girl is perceived as a symbol of your high status. Below there is an example of how the rappers pet their ego in that matter While your bitch be crying please dont stop. . . I fuck her like I know you wont./ If thats your bitch, homeboy youd better reserve her Cause she wont stay off my beeper.35The female is used here just to partake in a sexual competition between men. Women cannot be granted any respect from the rappers, as they are described to be as much interested in heavy drinking, sex, and money as men. The only difference here is that a man leave be positively referred to as a player or a pimp but a girl will be always called a bitch. Lyrics imply that if a girl is being promiscuous and greedy it also justifies the maltreatment she receives from men as in hit song The Gangsta, the Killa, and the Dope Dealer All on the grass marijuana, every bitch passed out/ A first not last, when we all hit the ass.36Women are treated as a commodity which can be consumed, used, passed to someone else and given out I know the pussys mines, Ima fuck a duo more times/ And then Im through with it, theres nothing else to do with it./ Pass it to the homie, now you hit it/ Cause she aint nuthin but a bitch to me.37Prostitutes are the perfect example of sexual objectification and exploitation. Such image of a woman is to be expected in hip hop music since it has emerged out of ghetto setting. This theme has been found present in one-fifth of the songs analyzed by Kubrin and Weizer.38Prostitution and pimping are celebrated by rappers and classified as a justifiable means of economic achievement.39These themes do not seem to be taken into consideration by any other music genre. Some rappers to get more credibility fill to have been a real life pimps ( Ice- T, Snoop Dogg, Jay-Z, K-Luv). Pimping has a broader meaning in hip hop than just managing prostitutes. To pimp something can mean to patronage it or to accessorize it. The term pimp is often used as a substitute for player, a man who mastered in seducing women or hustlers who show off with their nouveau riche assets40. Th is kind of a pimp chic imagery is a popular topic among rappers. Some even devote the whole songs to glamorize such modus vivendi The fancy cars, the women and the caviar. /You know who we are/cuz were pimpin all over the world.41There is also a number of rap songs in which we can find a lot of references to the standard definition of a pimp man who headhunts and employs prostitutes. Kubrins research takes into account this standard definition and notes that this theme was detected in 20 percent of the misogynistic songs.42Most of them contain the same message that women are good only to sell sex and men can usurp the right to access to their bodiesNo need for rest haven these hoesLets show em what they pussy made foLets me and you lay in these hoesAnd show em what they pussy made fo .Lets leave without payin these hoesAnd show em what they pussy made fo.43Such images are present even in RNB which is supposed to be focused more on the round and music than less abundant in explicit lyrical content Ace mizzy get all the hoes. /Gonna teach them shit they fatality to know. / Like fuck that pussy ass 9-4 girl./ Make that bucket a pot of golden.44These lyrics convey extremely disturbing misogynistic messages especially that hip hop aspires to be considered as a true voice of the urban ghetto. In that case, judging by the lyrics, the ghetto seems to inhabit pimps, pimps in training and prostitutes. While women are being described as sexual objects, men get the message to cherish the life of a pimp. Women seem to be painted with the same brush and not considered as an individual merciful beings. The only interaction between these two parties boils down to a scenario of what a pimp would do to a prostitute.Women Not to Be TrustedAnother put of advice, recurring in many hip hop songs, is the one that a man has to be careful of whom they put trust in. And women seem to be the to the lowest degree trustworthy. According to Kubrin and Weizer almost half of the misog ynistic songs exposed such attitude of suspiciousness towards women.45Another fact worth noticing here is that the lack of trust is directed at all women with no exception. All women in general are considered tricky criminal creatures. For some rappers a question How could you trust a ho?46is kind of a rhetorical one. Others unveil specific reasons why they cant trustem. In a song by a young girl is not only promiscuous but also will surely lie to you about her age which will get you in trouble and most likely put you in prison See nowadays man you got to know these bitches age/ Cause they ass be real fast when they be goin through that phase. / You fuck a girl thats young, and you gonna end up in the cage.47Women solidarity is criticized. There will be no point in defending yourself as the mother will be on her little girls side Cause her mom aint tryin to hear that you never knew her age.48Not only do women stand up for one other but will also try to get some material compensa tion from you. Some rappers, like Nas, warn that it is a full-grown idea to force women into having sex, not because of the atrocity of this act, but rape accusation that may follow Dont take the pussy, if she fightin/ Cause you saw what happened to Tupac and Mike Tyson./ Specially if you large famous, some hoes is trife petty/ contribute you on a rape charge, have you servin your life.49Despite being convicted of rape, a legendary boxer Mike Tyson and rapper Tupac Shakur, were considered as the most celebrated heroes of the hip hop generation in 1990s. This fact well illustrates the gender conflict of that generation. During and after the trial, many black male church leaders defended Tyson claiming that the whole forge was an attempt of the white supremacist to destroy a well-known black man. The president of the National Baptist convention in USA was suspected for offering a wages to the Tysons complainant. For a substantial back male part of the society the issue was not abo ut gender but about racism.50This example proves of an extreme solidarity within African American male society. Countless hip hop lyrics strongly reinforce the idea of conspiracy theory that is supposedly drawn by the evil system and women. Tyson was accused and sentenced for a date rape on 18- year-old Miss Black Road Island. Tupac Shakur heard the same charges from his groupie whom he forced to have a group sexual intercourse with. These two events may have influenced a number of hip hop artists who eagerly express a lot of distrust in beautiful women. Such attitude against beautiful women permeates throughout many hip hop songs. It seems to be more than certain these ladies will try to stag you with their looks and take advantage of you in no time. They are considered by the rappers to be decoys for set up. There are number of songs which describe such procedure You know they women might be the one to set me up. / Wanna get they little brother to wet kill me up/ Bitches be sche min, I kid ya not. / Thats why I keep my windows locked and my Glock cocked.51Another way for women to set men up is to get pregnant. This seems to be not only the concern of the rappers, but also a common detriment among the male in ghetto neighborhoods. Anderson states that to claim a child is against the street code of hit and run52. The rappers warn their male audience Why plant seeds in a dirty bitch, waitin to trick me?/ Not the life for me.53Owning up to pregnancy means not only breech of the code but also commitment which is condemned by the peers. But the greatest concern of men would be paying child support I aint lettin nothin leak cause if things leak, then Im a get caught/ And I cant get caught cause you know how they do it about that child support./ Shit, bitches is cold on a nigga who aint got his game tight/ getting 18.5 percent child support payments half your life.54Generally speaking, collection of child support is a problem in the times of crisis, especially fo r unqualified African-American workers. A tough choice has to be made, whether to cater for your own needs or your childs. As the money for the children upbringing goes to their mothers pockets, the male frustration and resentment towards women grows. Being bust does not match the image of the self-proclaimed pimp or a player. No more player, no Shorty the PimpI get paid, divert a hold back and get 40 percent.All the homies talkin bad, hair down, walkin sadGot the broad livin with me, baby sayin DadI could try to mack again but the bitches wont want meCause Im all washed up, broke, fat, and funky.I lost everything that I worked to beNever thought Id be a trick, payin hoes to serve me.55The lyrics make it obvious that women cannot be trusted because they are a hazard to men pimps. If they do not get you in prison or ridicule you in front of your peers and close up your image of a thug, they well surely drain your pocket. And this is what rappers seem to be the most anxious about. Getting rich ( or die trying by 50Cent)56seems to be the mostly frequent motive of all. And the streets seem to be filled with gold diggers on the prowl only interested in you because of your money put one across the honeys check your style/ Worthless, when they worship, what you purchase./They only see ice diamonds, not me, under the surface/Whats the purpose?57Gold Digger by Kanye West may serve as the best example of a song that describes a seductive, yet greedy woman who takes advantage of men.58This type of a woman is mostly feared by those men who climbed up the social ladder, became businessmen, or celebrities and like to show off their recently acquired wealth. They (who?) are considered to be the easiest targets as they feel no limits for dispensing money and splatter about their affluence. She (who is she?) is described as a very tricky cutie the bomb. Once she has set her sight on her super rich male target, the first thing she will try to do is charm him by her gorgeo us looks, and seduce him. She will try to blend in his elite circle to get to him. In no time she will make him spend money on her and her friends and he will do it just to impress her. And if you expect to get a chance with her you would better comply with the rules of her game. Her main goal is to bulletproof her life with her preys money. If she fails to drag his feet down the aisle, she will get pregnant just to get secure her life with his money anyway. Oftentimes it happens that after eighteen years of paying the child support the baby turns out to be not his. Whilst men in hip hop songs do not see anything wrong in taking advantage of women, they seem to fear of getting such favor returned by them. Their concern is also not to get ridiculed in front of other men. If that happens, Kanye West gives them a self explanatory answer back she aint messin wit no broke niggaz.59There is also a message to black women in general in the last stanza of this song. No matter if you are a g old digger or you are being a down to earth girl and stick to your man regardless of his material status, there is a bad ending for you anyway. If he is ambitious enough, he will get rich sooner or later. However when it happens, he will leave your ass for a white girl. This suggests that white women are ranked higher than black women in the hip hop social hierarchy. According to the findings of the study on the he effect of images of African American women in hop hop on adolescents sleek hair texture and lighter skin tone would be considered as the main determinants of female attractiveness60. These traits would be most sought for by both male and female who participated in the survey. Also historically these features were used as measures of social, political and economic significance for African Americans. Those who resembled European Americans would be located higher in the American social strata.61Such supposition may have influenced the pursuit of white women by black men. The image of a strong, emasculating black woman versus a pure and submissive Vi

Biography of Karl Marx Essay -- Karl Marx Communism biographies Essays

Biography of Karl Marx Karl Marx was a professional intellectual and philosopher. Throughout Marxs life, chance meetings with otherwise professional intellectuals and philosophers helped guide Marx to his final destination. Although Marx died in March of 1883, some(prenominal) 122 years ago, his theories are still being studied, and in some cases, used in some governments. In his lifetime Marx explored many different social settings and groups. His final accumulation of work can be found in his Communist Manifesto, which he co-authored with Fredrick Engels. Although precise meager at times, Marx lived an extraordinary life. Karl Marx was born on May 5, 1818 in Trier Rheinish Prussia (Germany). Although his family was ultimately Jewish, Karls father, Hirschel Marx, changed the familys religion to Protestant to avoid anti-Semitism. Later, to avoid further persecution, Hirschel changed his elevate to Heinrich 1. Young Karl was raised mostly in Prussia . Once he had graduated from the Gymnasium, todays equivalent of high school, Marx entered Bonn University to continue his education and follow in his fathers footsteps as a lawyer. While at Bonn, Karl spent much of his time socializing and running up large debts. Karl was once wounded during a duel, because a debt collector2. After perceive about Karls attitude towards higher education, Heinrich paid off his sons depts. However the injury involving the duel made Heinrich insist that Karl no longer attend Bonn, but sooner move to Berlin and attend the University of Berlin. While in Berlin, Karl met a lecturer named Bruno Bauer. While under Bauers influence, Marx was introduced to the writings of G.W.F. Hegel, whom had been a fellow lectur... ...y his wifes passing, Marx needed his eldest daughter, Eleanor, to take divvy up of him. In January 1883 Eleanor herself passed away due to cancer of the liver. Marx, left to take care of himself, died three months la ter in March of 1883. Although Marx and his wife were separated by goal for over two years, they now lay side by side at Highgate Cemetery in London. Notes1 Frank E. Manuel, A Requiem for Karl Marx (Cambridge Harvard University Press, 1995) 12 2 V.I. Lenin, The Marxists Internet Archive, 16 September 1999, (9 March 2002) 3 Spartacus Educational, 3 March 2002 (9 March 2002) 4 Richard P. Appelbaum, Karl Marx Vol. 7 of Masters of Social Theory (Newbury commonalty SAGE Publications, 1988) 5 Appelbaum, 21 6 Manuel, 35 7 Manuel, 37